The gap between the two vessels is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial- vacuum which reduces heat conduction or convection. The vacuum flask consists of two vessels, one placed within the other and joined at the neck. Thermos remains a registered trademark in some countries, but it was declared a genericized trademark by court action in the United States in 1963, since it had become colloquially synonymous with vacuum flasks in general. The vacuum flask went on to be used for many different types of scientific experiments and the commercial "Thermos" was transformed into a common item. The name later became a genericized trademark after the term "thermos" became the household name for such a vacuum-insulated container for liquids. Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use. Over time, the company expanded the size, shapes and materials of these consumer products, primarily used for carrying coffee on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold.
The American Thermos Bottle Company built up a mass production in Norwich, CT, which brought prices down and enabled the wide distribution of the product for at-home use. The manufacturing and performance of the Thermos bottle was significantly improved and refined by the Viennese inventor and merchant Gustav Robert Paalen, who designed various types for domestic use, which he also patented, and distributed widely, through the Thermos Bottle Companies in the United States, Canada and the UK, which bought licences for respective national markets. In his subsequent attempt to claim the rights to the invention, Dewar instead lost a court case to the company. The Dewar flask design had never been patented but the German men who discovered the commercial use for the product named it Thermos, and subsequently claimed both the rights to the commercial product and the trademark to the name. ĭewar's design was quickly transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German glassblowers, Reinhold Burger and Albert Aschenbrenner, discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm and invented a more robust flask design, which was suited for everyday use. Dewar refused to patent his invention, and the flask, as developed by others using new materials such as glass and aluminium, became a significant tool for chemical experiments and also a common household item. He evacuated the air between the two chambers, creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable. While performing experiments in determining the specific heat of the element palladium, Dewar made a brass chamber that he enclosed in another chamber to keep the palladium at its desired temperature. The vacuum flask was designed and invented by Scottish scientist Sir James Dewar in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of cryogenics and is sometimes called a Dewar flask in his honour. Patent June 27, 1908, published July 13th 1909 Gustav Robert Paalen, Double Walled Vessel.
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